In CCCS 610, we encountered settings in which individual system elements carried out some choice, change of internal state, movement or action that could affect others or be observed by them (graph coloring, contagion, synchronization). CCCS 630 also delved into agent-based systems in the terrain of computational simulation.
The formulation of a set of rules for a set of such entities (whether pure software or robots of sorts) to follow in order to carry out a collective task is one possible approach to computational intelligence with diverse applications and a lot of math behind it. In addition to "just statistics", there is quite a lot of calculus involved, especially in the form of control theory.
The way in which the entities, commonly referred to as agents make decisions can also rely heavily on the mathematics behind competition and collaboration we explored in Module 4 while venturing into game theory.